论中成药大品种与中医理论创新

中成药大品种具有临床价值大、科学价值强、市场价值高的基本特征,中成药大品种不仅是中药产业发展的核心引擎,也是中医药学术发展的重要内容,事关中医药事业与产业,意义重大。本文以中医理论创新与中药大品种为切入,在回顾中医理论创新研究方法与模式的基础上,强调有效方药的创制是理论创新研究成果的集中体现,并以风咳理论与苏黄止咳胶囊、络病理论与通心络胶囊为例予以说明。提出以中成药大品种为载体,实现中医理论创新研究的思路与策略,即在梳理和分析中成药大品种组方规律与功能主治的基础上,深度挖掘其蕴含的理论内涵,不仅强调普遍的理论认识,更应关注应用独特的药物及其配伍;不仅仅满足揭示中药作用的现代科学内涵,更应通过中成药大品种作用机制研究,探索未知或可能的新靶点、新通路和新机制,从而促进科学发现,引领医学研究方向。     

Game theoretical mapping of white matter contributions to visuospatial attention in stroke patients with hemineglect

White matter bundles linking gray matter nodes are key anatomical players to fully characterize associations between brain systems and cognitive functions. Here we used a multivariate lesion inference approach grounded in coalitional game theory (multiperturbation Shapley value analysis, MSA) to infer causal contributions of white matter bundles to visuospatial orienting of attention. Our work is based on the characterization of the lesion patterns of 25 right hemisphere stroke patients and the causal analysis of their impact on three neuropsychological tasks: line bisection, letter cancellation, and bells cancellation. We report that, out of the 11 white matter bundles included in our MSA coalitions, the optic radiations, the inferior fronto‐occipital fasciculus and the anterior cingulum were the only tracts to display task‐invariant contributions (positive, positive, and negative, respectively) to the tasks. We also report task‐dependent influences for the branches of the superior longitudinal fasciculus and the posterior cingulum. By extending prior findings to white matter tracts linking key gray matter nodes, we further characterize from a network perspective the anatomical basis of visual and attentional orienting processes. The knowledge about interactions patterns mediated by white matter tracts linking cortical nodes of attention orienting networks, consolidated by further studies, may help develop and customize brain stimulation approaches for the rehabilitation of visuospatial neglect.     

Sleep disturbances and restless legs syndrome in postmenopausal women with early breast cancer given adjuvant aromatase inhibitor therapy

IntroductionWhether adjuvant therapy with aromatase inhibitors (AIs) causes sleep disturbances or not in postmenopausal women with early breast cancer (EBC) is still a controversial issue.MethodsBetween March 2014 and November 2017, validated questionnaires for assessing insomnia, anxiety, depression, quality of life (QoL) and restless legs syndrome (RLS) were administered to 160 EBC patients at baseline and after 3, 6, 12, and 24 months of AI therapy.ResultsAI therapy significantly decreased the patients’ QoL, but did not influence insomnia, anxiety or depression. However, it significantly increased the frequency and severity of RLS. Patients with RLS at baseline (19%) or who developed RLS during AI therapy (26.3%) reported statistically lower quality of sleep, higher anxiety and depression, and worse QoL compared to patients who never reported RLS (54.7%).ConclusionAlthough AI therapy does not affect sleep quality, it may increase RLS frequency. The presence of RLS could identify a group of EBC patients who may benefit from psychological support.     

Factors affecting community pharmacist work: A scoping review and thematic synthesis using role theory

Many community pharmacists ideologically support recent changes to their roles in primary healthcare. However, their antithetical resistance towards practice change could have systemic causes (i.e. role stresses), which may account for increased job dissatisfaction, burnout, and job turnover in the profession. Deeper comprehension was sought using a role theory framework.ObjectiveTo identify factors leading to role stresses and strain responses for community pharmacists, and to create a framework for community pharmacist role management.MethodPubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases were searched for qualitative studies identifying community pharmacist role stress and strain using scoping review methodology from 1990 to 2019. Content and thematic analysis using the framework method was performed, and themes were reported using thematic synthesis.ResultsScreening of 10,880 records resulted in 33 studies identified, with 41 factors categorised into four domains: Interpersonal Interactions, Social Setting, Individual Attributes, and Extra-Role. All role stresses were present. Reported role strains suggest role system imbalance.ConclusionCommunity pharmacists are in a multifactorial transitional environment. Reported role stresses may be a function of past pharmacist roles and increased role expectations, amplified by many requisite interactions and individual pharmacist characteristics. Social science theories were found to be applicable to the community pharmacy setting.     

靶向肠道微生态:中药药效机理研究的新机遇与挑战

肠道微生态紊乱与众多疾病的发生发展密切相关,靶向肠道微生态的调节已成为疾病防治的重要策略。同时,肠道微生态很可能也是理解中医学理论现代科学内涵的重要途径。传统中药大多以口服为主,药物与肠道微生物的相互作用往往是其发挥药效的关键。中药可以通过促进有益菌增殖或抑制病原菌,增加短链脂肪酸等代谢产物生成的方式,恢复疾病条件下的肠道微生态平衡,发挥对疾病的治疗作用。另一方面,肠道菌的代谢转化是影响中药药效和毒性产生的重要途径。针对中药及其复方、人体及肠道微生态三者间的关系,提出三种模式假说,即菌群响应模式、菌群依赖模式和菌群代谢模式,并探讨了当前肠道微生态研究所面临的机遇与挑战。     

基于脏腑经络理论探讨啮舌证治

啮舌是中医临床中较为常见且棘手的一个症状。中医对啮舌的认识历史悠久,但缺乏对此症的系统研究,只有零散的医家论述和临床个案报道。有鉴于此,笔者通过分析归纳古代中医文献和现代临床报道,基于脏腑经络理论初步探讨啮舌的证治,认为啮舌一症有虚实之别,实则责之于心肝,虚则责之于脾肾,可分为心火亢盛、肝火痰瘀、脾肾阳虚及肾阴不足等主要证型,痰和瘀是发生啮舌的重要病理因素,治疗应以清心平肝、补益脾肾、祛痰化瘀开窍为大法,希望本研究能为临床解决啮舌一症提供思路与方法。     

《伤寒论》六经辨证与肾性水肿

肾性水肿临床可见于原发性或继发性肾脏疾病。仲景继承《内经》理论,著《伤寒杂病论》并开创六经辨证理论体系,对现代肾性水肿临床治疗具有重要的指导意义。该体系囊括了经络脏腑、气血津液、体质禀赋等理论基础。根据六经辨证理论体系,以太阳、阳明、少阳、太阴、少阴、厥阴六经理论为基础,结合各经辨证要点,将《伤寒论》六经辨证引入肾性水肿的临床诊疗。拓展六经辨证理论在肾性水肿临床治疗中的实际应用。